Life and aging with HIV

Introduction References PART I. Treatment vs new portrait of the HIV epidemic CHAPTER 1. Epidemiology of HIV infection in Poland in light of the situation in Europe and worldwide Conclusions References CHAPTER 2. Tolerance of the antiretroviral treatment vs aging of the individuals living with HIV Summary References PART II. RESEARCH ON THE BRAIN IN HIV INFECTION – CURRENT CHALLENGES CHAPTER 3. Aging of the brain in HIV infection Introduction Physiological aging of the brain Morphological exponents of changes in the brain due to aging Immune response changes associated with age Neurobiochemical changes in the aging brain Changes in the central nervous system in HIV infection Entering of HIV into the CNS Destruction of nerve cells Compartmentalization of HIV in the CNS Chronic inflammation of the CNS and activation of the immune system Pathomorphological changes in the CNS Neuroimaging studies Clinical manifestations of HIV infection in the CNS Antiretroviral therapy and the CNS Factors influencing brain aging in HIV-infected patients Age of HIV-infected patients Processes affecting aging of the brain ART in elderly patients Clinical symptoms of brain aging in HIV-infected individuals References CHAPTER 4. The use of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing and monitoring cerebral lesions in HIV-infected patients while taking into account the aging processes Introduction Neuroimaging methods and techniques using magnetic resonance imaging Conventional structural imaging Mapping the diffusion tensor parameters Functional imaging In vivo spectroscopy Organic changes in the brain in HIV-infected patients as observed with MR imaging The processes of brain aging in MR images Summary References CHAPTER 5. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in patients infected with HIV Introduction Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy Metabolites measured with the use of MRS MRS applications in research on the effects of HIV infection and aging of the central nervous system Aging process and HMRS spectrum in healthy as well as HIV-infected individuals Aging process and HMRS spectrum in HIV-infected individuals The use of the MRS technique in neuroimaging of the neuropsychological deficits associated with HIV infection Summary References CHAPTER 6. Mapping brain abnormalities in aging HIV-infected individuals. A review of neuroimaging studies Introduction Structural magnetic resonance imaging studies of the HIV-infected brain Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of the HIV-infected brain fMRI, HIV and aging Application of PET in examining the HIV-infected brain Application of PET in examining aging HIV- positive subjects Conclusions References CHAPTER 7. Relationship between white matter integrity and neurocognitive outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Background Method Database search Participants Methodology DTI analysis Neuropsychology Results General DTI results DTI correlation with neuropsychology DTI and the global neuropsychological score relationship Specific neurocognitive tests Processing speed Verbal learning Attention interference Prospective memory Mental control Hierarchical perception No relationship between DTI and neuropsychology Discussion References Appendix 1. Pubmed search syntax Appendix 2. Participants Appendix 3. DTI Methodology Appendix 4. Neuropsychology testing CHAPTER 8. Aging of the brain in HIV infection: literature review of the studies using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging Introduction Assumptions underlying RS-fMRI research paradigm Changes in the spontaneous brain activity related to aging Changes in the spontaneous brain activity in individuals aging with HIV infection The relationship between RS of the brain and neurocognitive functioning in HIV infection Summary References PART III. Psychological problems in HIV-infected individuals Nature Reviews CHAPTER 9. Depressive disorders in individuals with HIV infection in the context of aging Introduction Depressive disorders in HIV-infected people Depressive disorders in the elderly Aging of HIV-infected people Summary References CHAPTER 10. Factors determining neuropsychological functioning in individuals who live with HIV/AIDS Introduction Biological factors Psychological factors Depression Anxiety disorders Personality Disorders HIV infection and psychoactive substance addiction Demographic factors Summary References CHAPTER 11. Quality of life in persons with HIV infection Introduction Research methods for assessing quality of life in HIV-infected patients Determinants of quality of life in HIV-infected persons HRQoL and demographic variables HRQoL and social and emotional functioning HRQoL and mental health HRQoL and cognitive functioning HRQOL and HIV infection variables Summary References CHAPTER 12. Cognitive reserve, psychosocial and lifestyle factors and the risk of neurocognitive impairment in older HIV-infected adults Introduction Cognitive aging in HIV infection Impact of reserve and lifestyle factors on neuropsychological functioning in older individuals infected with HIV Cognitive reserve Medication adherence Substance use cessation and nutrition Employment Social participation and attitude Physical activity Summary References CHAPTER 13. Research on the psychological help available for HIV-infected individuals Introduction Psychiatric disorders and emotional problems of infected people Psychotherapy of people infected with HIV Evidence-based therapy approach in patients living with HIV From evidence-based to constructivist forms of psychotherapy Psychotherapy of HIV-infected older adults Summary References Empirical research reports CHAPTER 14. Age and trauma symptoms intensity and social support in HIV-positive individuals Introduction Methods Participants Assessment Statistical analysis Results Discussion Acknowledgements References CHAPTER 15. Age vs state of cognitive processes in individuals with HIV/HCV co-infection. Empirical research Introduction Classification of HIV-associated cognitive impairment Cognitive impairment associated with HCV infection Cognitive impairment associated with HIV and HCV co-infection Empirical research Introduction to empirical research Methods Participants Measurement Statistical analysis Results Discussion Conclusions References CHAPTER 16. Psychological functioning in HIV/HCV co-infected and HCV mono-infected individuals following hepatitis C treatment Introduction Study design and testing procedure Participants Clinical characteristics Variables related to HCV infection HIV-related variables Other clinical variables Methods of psychological assessment Statistical analysis Results Cognitive functions Mood, fatigue and quality of life Clinical variables vs psychological tests results Discussion and conclusions References Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Outcomes on the measurement of depression, fatigue and health-related quality of life in the studied groups at three measurements: before treatment, at week 12, and after completion of therapy PART IV. Selected problems CHAPTER 17. Olfaction capacity – emerging clinical research area in HIV infection Introduction Significance of olfactory capacity in humans Olfactory capacity components and methods of examining them Olfactory Abnormalities Research on the olfactory capacity in HIV- infected individuals Summary References CHAPTER 18. Auditory functions in HIV-infected adults Introduction Hearing loss in HIV infection Age and hearing loss in HIV infection HAART and hearing loss in HIV infection Central auditory deficits in HIV infection Tinnitus in HIV infection Vestibular symptoms in HIV infection Auditory and cognitive functions in HIV infection Conclusions References CHAPTER 19. Metabolic bone diseases in HIV-infected patients Introduction Bone tissue – regulatory factors Bone mineral density Osteopenia and osteoporosis in HIV-infected individuals Pathophysiology of bone mass loss in HIV infection Bone fracture risk in HIV+ individuals Therapeutic options Conclusions References Authors