Warsztat ceramiczny w starożytnym mieście Porphyreon na wybrzeżu fenickim (współcześnie Jiyeh w Libanie) był badany podczas prac ratunkowych w 2004 roku przez misję CAŚ UW pracującą na stanowiskach Jiyeh i Chhîm. Warsztat ten działał na skalę lokalną, produkując przede wszystkim amfory i naczynia kuchenne. Stanowił on ważny element lokalnej gospodarki od połowy II wieku p.n.e. do VII wieku n.e. Zebrany tam materiał ceramiczny – naczynia i odrzuty produkcyjne – posłużył do przeprowadzenia studiów nad repertuarem form wyrabianych tam naczyń oraz do analiz masy glinianej używanej w tym celu. Te badania pozwoliły poznać drugi na wybrzeżu libańskim, po Berytusie, ośrodek produkcji naczyń ceramicznych działający w okresach hellenistycznym i rzymskim.
Monografia prezentująca lokalną produkcję, przedstawia typologiczną i chronologiczną klasyfikację naczyń, a następnie omawia ją w kontekście trendów i zjawisk typowych dla fenickiej produkcji ceramicznej w omawianych okresach. Ogląd produkcji lokalnych warsztatów pozwala wysnuwać nowe wnioski na temat historii starożytnego handlu i rzemiosła w środkowej Fenicji.
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The pottery workshop in the town of Porphyreon on the Phoenician coast (modern Jiyeh in Lebanon), a site midway between Beirut and Sidon (modern Saida), operated on a local scale, producing mainly amphorae and kitchen vessels. It was an important cog in the wheels of the region’s economy from the middle of the 2nd century BC to the 7th century AD. A Polish–Lebanese rescue project in 2004 probed a Hellenistic and Roman pottery production zone in the town. The assemblage of ceramic vessels and wasters that was recorded supported an extensive study of the local repertory of vessels produced, as well as the clay of which the were made. Porphyreon, thus, became the second, after Berytus, Hellenistic and Roman pottery production site to be excavated on the Lebanese coast, whereas laboratory analyses of the chemical composition of the clay have supplied a key criterion for distinguishing locally made vessels from other ceramic production in Phoenicia.
The study presents the ceramic assemblage from Jiyeh, including a typological and chronological classification of the vessels, and discusses the finds in relation to trends and phenomena typical of Phoenician pottery production in the periods in question. The overall picture of local workshop output contributes important insights into the history of ancient trade and craftsmanship in central Phoenicia. A formal examination of the ceramic material, combined with a review of ancient sources, written and other, sheds light on the administrative status of the settlement in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, placing it convincingly in the hinterland of Sidon rather than Berytus. Moreover, it has added a unique small-town perspective to the study of the economy of ancient Phoenicia, based so far chiefly on data from the large urban centres like Sidon, Tyre and Berytus.
Acknowledgements 9
Foreword 10
Preface 11
Chapter 1. Historical and archaeological evidence 13
1.1. Geographical context 13
1.2. Historical evidence 15
1.3. Administrative affiliations based on written sources 22
1.4. Archaeological evidence 22
1.4.1. Site topography 22
1.4.2. History of research 23
Chapter 2. Context, stratigraphy and classification criteria 27
2.1. Context and stratigraphy of the pottery finds 27
. 2.1.1. Late Hellenistic period 27
2.1.2 Early Roman period 30
2.2. Typological and chronological classification 31
2.3. Presentation of the ceramic material 35
2.3.1. Description and typology 35
2.3.2. Select parallels and dating 35
2.3.3. Illustrations and catalogue 36
2.3.4. Jiyeh site sector D assemblage 37
Chapter 3. Late Hellenistic pottery production 41
3.1. General description 41
3.2. Late Hellenistic Jiyeh Ware: macroscopic description 42
3.3. Typology of forms 43
3.3.1. Amphorae 43
3.3.1.1. “Phoenician” style amphorae 43
3.3.1.2. “Greek” style amphorae 44
3.3.2. Kitchen vessels 47
3.3.2.1. Closed vessels for storing and serving liquids 47
3.3.2.1.1. Table amphorae 47
3.3.2.1.2. Jugs 48
3.3.2.1.3. Juglets 50
3.3.2.1.4. Trefoil juglets 51
3.3.2.1.5. Lagynos-like juglets 51
3.3.2.1.6. Flat flasks/bottles 52
3.3.2.2. Cooking vessels and utensils 52
3.3.2.2.1. Cooking pots 53
3.3.2.2.2. Casseroles 54
3.3.2.2.3. Stands 57
3.3.2.2.4. Braziers 58
3.3.2.2.5. Lids 59
3.3.2.3. Other kitchen vessels 61
3.3.2.3.1. Bowls 61
3.3.2.3.2. Lekanai 64
3.3.2.3.3. Kraters 65
3.3.2.3.4. Jars 66
3.3.2.3.5. Funnels 71
3.4. Summary 71
Chapter 4. Early Roman pottery production 75
4.1. General description 75
4.2. Early Roman Jiyeh Ware: macroscopic description 76
4.3. Typology 77
4.3.1. Amphorae 77
4.3.2. Kitchen vessels 80
4.3.2.1. Closed vessels for storing and serving liquids 81
4.3.2.1.1. Table amphorae 81
4.3.2.1.2. Jugs 83
4.3.2.1.3. Juglets 83
4.3.2.1.4. Trefoil juglets 84
4.3.2.1.5. Lagynos 85
4.3.2.1.6. Lagynos-like juglets 86
4.3.2.2. Cooking vessels and utensils 86
4.3.2.2.1. Cooking pots 87
4.3.2.2.2. Casseroles 90
4.3.2.2.3. Pans 91
4.3.2.2.4. Bollitore 92
4.3.2.2.5. Stands 92
4.3.2.3. Other kitchen vessels 94
4.3.2.3.1. Bowls 94
4.3.2.3.2. Lekane 95
4.3.2.3.3. Kraters 96
4.3.2.3.4. Pot with merlons 97
4.4. Summary 97
Chapter 5. Porphyreon̕s place in the Phoenician hinterland: interpretation of the evidence 101
5.1. Administrative relation to Sidon and Berytus: the ceramic evidence 101
5.2. Regional connections with southern Phoenicia: the ceramic evidence 110
5.3. Distribution of vessels produced in Porphyreon 111
5.4. Organisation of ceramic production in Hellenistic and Roman Phoenicia 112
Chapter 6. Conclusions 117
Catalogue 119
Late Hellenistic, Plates 1–42 121
Early Roman, Plates 43–79 207
Parallels from Jiyeh site sector D, Plates 80–92 283
Porphyreon pottery, Colour plates 93–97 299
References 307
List of figures and tables 319
