Compendium of IR and Raman spectroscopy!
Vibrational spectroscopy is one of the fundamental tool widely employed in the physico-chemical, material, natural, medical and pharmacological sciences.
The book describes basic techniques of Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman scattering spectroscopies. The textbook is complemented by an extensive set of experiments which can be conducted by broadly available as well as advanced instrumentation.
After discussion of present theoretical approaches, instrumentation, data handling that explain the phenomenon of vibrational spectroscopy, the book reports new and exciting experiments and applications of the many fascinating spectroscopic effects. They can serve as a basis of several laboratory courses in the field of optical spectroscopy, physical chemistry as well as in specialised panels of medical chemistry, materials science and analytics in the broadest sense. Each exercise is preceded by a description of fundamentals required to understand a research problem. Lab practicals illustrate the application of the given vibrational spectroscopy technique as well as provide a detailed method to solve research problems, which can be introduced to a research, industrial and quality control laboratories.
The authors of the book are specialists in the field of infrared and Raman spectroscopy, for years introducing new courses for a wide panel of the educational offer and conducting research using vibrational spectroscopy.
The manual is designed for students of chemistry, environmental protection, biophysics, medical and life sciences universities. Undoubtedly it will be also helpful in analytical laboratories.
1. Fundamentals of infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) (Kamilla Malek, Emilia Staniszewska-Ślęzak, Kamila Kochan, Katarzyna Majzner) 11
1.1. Quantum description – models of the harmonic and anharmonic oscillators... 12
1.2. Normal coordinates 13
1.3. Construction of a FT-IR spectrometer 15
1.3.1. Light source 15
1.3.2. Interferometer 16
1.3.3. Sample chamber 17
1.3.4. Detector 17
2. Fundamentals of Raman scattering spectroscopy (Kamilla Malek, Małgorzata Barańska, Kamila Kochan) 19
2.1. Quantum description of Raman scattering 20
2.2. Instrumentation in Raman spectroscopy 22
2.2.1. Laser 23
2.2.2. Sample compartment 23
2.2.3. Optical element splitting the beam of electromagnetic radiation 24
2.2.4. Detector 25
3. Special ft -ir techniques 26
3.1. Sampling techniques in ft -ir spectroscopy (Paweł Miśkowiec) 26
3.1.1. Transmission technique 26
3.1.2. Reflexive techniques 27
3.1.2.1. Attenuated total reflection, ATR 28
3.1.2.2. Diffuse reflection in the mid-infrared range, DRIFT 30
3.1.2.3. Reflection – absorption infrared spectroscopy, IRRAS 32
3.1.3. Photoacoustic spectroscopy, PAS 34
3.1.4. Infrared emission spectroscopy, ES (IRES) 35
3.2. FT-IR microscopy and imaging (Ewelina Wiercigroch, Kamilla Malek) 36
3.3. Vibrational circular dichroism (Piotr F. J. Lipiński) 40
3.3.1. Chirality 40
3.3.2. What is Vibrational Circular Dichroism? 40
3.3.3. How is VCD measured? 41
3.3.4. Applications of VCD spectroscopy 42
3.3.5. Calculations of VCD spectra and their problems 43
3.3.6. Very short summary of current developments 44
4. Special Raman techniques 46
4.1. Resonance Raman scattering spectroscopy (Katarzyna M. Marzec, Jakub Dybaś) 46
4.1.1. Resonance versus normal Raman scattering and fluorescence 46
4.1.2. Phenomenon of resonance Raman scattering 47
4.1.3. Application and potential of RRS 49
4.1.4. Instrumentation 50
4.2. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS) (Agata Królikowska, Jolanta Bukowska) 52
4.2.1 Mechanism of surface enhancement 53
4.2.2 Types of the substrates used in SERS spectroscopy 55
4.2.3. SERS spectral features 56
4.2.4. Applications of SERS spectroscopy 57
4.3. Raman optical activity (ROA) (Joanna E. Rode) 57
4.3.1. Schematic diagram of ROA phenomenon 58
4.3.2. Theoretical description of ROA phenomenon 59
4.3.3. Instrumentation 61
4.3.4. Applications of ROA 63
4.3.5 Summary 64
4.4. Raman imaging (Agnieszka Kaczor) 67
5. Chemometric analysis of FT-IR and Raman spectra (Katarzyna Majzner, Kamila Kochan, Małgorzata Barańska) 74
5.1. Analysis of marker bands 74
5.2. Cluster analysis (CA) 76
5.2.1. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) 77
5.2.2. Non-hierarchical cluster analysis 81
5.2.3. Comparison of HCA, KMCA and FCA methods 83
6. Selected applications of ft -ir spectroscopy 85
6.1. An effect of molecular symmetry and isotopic substitution on ir and Raman spectra of chloromethane derivatives (Kamilla Malek, Katarzyna M. Marzec) 85
6.2. Peak-fitting process by an example of atr ft -ir spectra of soft tissues (Marlena Gąsior-Głogowska, Adam Oleszko) 89
6.2.1. Skin 89
6.2.2. Skin’s proteins 90
6.2.3. Infrared spectroscopy of tissues 90
6.3. Synthesis and spectral characteristics of hydroxyapatites (Marlena Gąsior-Głogowska, Adam Oleszko) 96
6.3.1. Hydroxyapatites 96
6.3.2. Infrared spectroscopy of hydroxyapatite 97
6.4. The application of infrared spectroscopy for the determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in surface water and wastewater (Paweł Miśkowiec) 100
6.4.1. The composition of crude oil; environment pollution with petroleum products 101
6.4.2. The toxic properties of the components of crude oil 102
6.4.3. Legislation concerning problems of environmental pollution with petroleum products and methods of its measurement 103
6.4.4. An application of IR spectroscopy in analytical chemistry 104
6.4.5. Nernst distribution law 105
6.5. Determination of absolute configuration using vibrational circular dichroism (Piotr F. J. Lipiński) 108
6.5.1. Determination of absolute configuration via VCD 108
6.6. The identification of painting materials and degradation products. FT-IR imaging of paint layers (Emilia Staniszewska-Ślęzak, Kamilla Malek) 113
6.6.1. Chemical characteristics of a paint layer and products of its degradation 113
6.6.2. FT-IR spectroscopy as a technique used in the identification of chemical composition of artworks 116
6.7. Structural analysis of proteins by means of FT-IR spectroscopy (Katarzyna Majzner) 119
6.7.1. Anatomy of proteins 119
6.7.2. Application of FT-IR spectroscopy to studying proteins 121
6.8. Structural analysis of lipids by using infrared spectroscopy (Tomasz P. Wróbel) 126
6.8.1. Characteristics and occurrence of lipids 126
6.8.2. Application of FT-IR spectroscopy to studying lipids 127
6.9. Structural analysis of carbohydrates by means of ft -ir spectroscopy (Kamilla Malek, Ewelina Wiercigroch) 130
6.9.1. Molecular structure of carbohydrates 130
6.9.2. Characteristic IR bands of carbohydrates 133
6.10. An analysis of atr ft -ir spectra of animal tissues (Emilia Staniszewska-Ślęzak, Kamilla Malek) 135
6.10.1. Biochemical features of selected animal tissues 135
6.10.2. FT-IR spectra of animal tissues 136
6.11. Diagnostics of disease development by ft -ir imaging of tissue (Kamila Kochan, Małgorzata Barańska) 141
7. Selected applications of Raman spectroscopy 145
7.1. The identification of proteins secondary structure in Raman spectra (Anna Rygula) 145
7.1.1. Characteristics of protein in Raman spectrum 145
7.1.2. Marker bands of amino acid residues 146
7.1.3. Other techniques of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of proteins 148
7.2. Raman analysis of fatty acids (Aleksandra Jaworska, Małgorzata Barańska) 150
7.2.1. Occurrence and characteristics of fatty acids 150
7.2.2. An application of Raman spectroscopy in an analysis of fatty acids 152
7.3. Raman spectroscopy as a method to analyze lipids in animal tissues and mixtures (Krzysztof Czamara, Agnieszka Kaczor) 155
7.3.1. Classification of lipids 155
7.3.2. Spectroscopic characteristics of lipids 157
7.4. Polymorphism of model triacylgliceroles (Marta Z. Pacia, Krzysztof Czamara, Agnieszka Kaczor) 161
7.4.1. Polymorphism of lipids 161
7.4.2. Spectroscopic characteristics of TAGs polymorphs 162
7.5. Identification of carotenoids in plants by means of Raman spectroscopy (Aleksandra Jaworska, Małgorzata Barańska) 166
7.5.1. Structure, functions and occurrence of carotenoids 166
7.5.2. Raman bands of carotenoids 167
7.6. Identification of terpenes in citrus oils by means of Raman spectroscopy (Aleksandra Jaworska, Małgorzata Barańska, Kamilla Malek) 170
7.6.1. Essential oils – occurrence and composition 170
7.6.2. Identification of essential oils by means of gas chromatography and Raman spectroscopy 171
7.6.3. Chemometric analysis of Raman spectra of essential oils 172
7.7. An analysis of pigments and painting materials in Raman spectra (Anna Rygula, Kamilla Malek) 174
7.7.1. Raman spectroscopy as an analytic technique in conservation of art works 174
7.7.2. Structure of paint layers 176
7.7.3. Methodology of a Raman analysis of works of arts 176
7.8. Detection and determination of glucose in pharmaceuticals and body fluids (Agnieszka Kaczor) 180
7.9. Resonance Raman scattering spectroscopy in hemoglobin structure studies (Jakub Dybaś, Antonina Chmura-Skirlińska, Katarzyna M. Marzec) 185
7.9.1. Structure and physiology of hemoglobin 185
7.9.2. Resonance Raman scattering spectroscopy in hemoglobin studies 188
7.9.3. UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometry in hemoglobin studies 189
7.10. Identification of enantiomers of bornyl acetate and a-pinene in essential oils from the Siberian fir needles (Katarzyna Chruszcz-Lipska) 192
7.10.1. Terpenes 192
7.10.2. Stereochemistry of terpenes 193
7.10.3. Enantiomeric contents of terpenes in essential oils 194
7.10.4. Raman optical activity spectra of terpenes 195
7.11. Determination of absolute configuration of α-pinene enantiomers by means of Raman optical activity and quantum chemical calculations (Grzegorz Zając, Małgorzata Barańska) 198
7.11.1. Theoretical calculations of ROA 198
7.12 Estimation of surface enhancement factor and adsorption studies of 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (AMT) on silver using surface-enhanced raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS) (Agata Królikowska, Jolanta Bukowska) 204
7.12.1. Surface enhancement factor in SERS 204
7.12.1.1. Types of definition of enhancement factor 205
7.12.1.2. Enhancement factor for a given substrate (EF) 205
7.12.1.3. Analytical enhancement factor (AEF) 206
7.12.1.4. Single molecule enhancement factor (SMEF) 206
7.12.2. The most common sources of errors in the determined values of SERS enhancement factors 207
7.12.3. Structure and properties of 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (AMT) 207
7.12.4. SERS spectrum of 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (AMT) on silver substrate 208
7.13. Identification and studying of distribution of caffeine in drug samples in situ (Małgorzata Barańska, Agnieszka Kaczor, Kamilla Malek) 212
7.14. Characteristics of the cell organelles based on analysis of marker bands and cluster analysis (Katarzyna Majzner) 215
7.14.1. The assignment of the major Raman bands in the cell spectra 216
7.14.2. An analysis of Raman imaging of cells 218
7.15. In vitro and in vivo Raman imaging of unicellular carotenoid producers (Marta Z. Pacia, Agnieszka Kaczor) 220
7.15.1. Spectral characteristics of cells compartments 221
List of figures 227
List of tables 234
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